A unique and iconic mode of transportation, the rickshaw has left an indelible mark on the streets of Southeast Asia. The story of the rickshaw begins in the late 19th century, when they arrived in Southeast Asia from Japan, where they were known as jinrikisha, meaning "human-powered vehicle".
In their home country, rickshaws became popular around 1868, when Japan was in the midst of a modernization era that required additional transportation and eventually combined surplus labor with that need. The popularity of the rickshaw skyrocketed. By the end of the century, there were more than 40,000 rickshaws in Tokyo alone. Recognizing their potential as a widespread mode of transportation, the Japanese government began to officially regulate the construction and operation of rickshaws.
By the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the rickshaw had spread rapidly throughout Asia. Countries such as India, Singapore, British Malaya, Siam (Thailand), and French Indochina (Vietnam) also welcomed the becak in the 1880s and early next century.
With its rich history and spread across different countries in the region, the becak is not only a means of transportation but also a cultural symbol. Let's travel back in time and explore the fascinating history of the rickshaw in Southeast Asia.
The Adaptation of Rickshaws in Southeast Asia
In Southeast Asia, the rickshaw has undergone various transformations in different countries of the region. From its name to its shape, it has undergone modifications that combine innovation and local culture. More than just a means of transportation, the becak is now a symbol of pride and unique identity of each region in Southeast Asia. Some of the rickshaw innovations from Southeast Asia include
- Becak, Indonesia
Becak, also known as becak motor or bentor (motorized form), is a popular mode of transportation in Indonesian cities. In the beginning, the becak was only pedaled by a bicycle. But over time, the becak was equipped with a motor that drives the rear wheels.
- Beca, Malaysia
Beca, also known as trishaw, is a three-wheeled vehicle with the driver sitting in the back and pedaling, while the front has a cabin large enough to accommodate two adults. Becas are a distinctive traditional means of transportation in Malaysia and are often decorated with bright and bold designs, adding beauty and fun to the streets.
- Padyak, Philippines
The word "padyak" itself comes from the Tagalog language and means "kicking" or "cycling". It refers to the characteristics of these tricycles, which combine the pedaling elements of a bicycle with the design and functionality of a sidecar to carry passengers. Inside the padyak, riders do not sit in the back like traditional becaks. Instead, they sit next to the rider in the sidecar. This allows for a more interactive experience between rider and driver, creating a unique social bond on their journey.
- Xich Lo, Vietnam
The Xich Lo is a type of rickshaw found primarily in Vietnam. It is a three-wheeled rickshaw pulled by a human-powered bicycle and has a long history in Vietnam. Xich Lo used to be the most common means of transportation in Vietnam and is now a representation of Vietnamese life and culture. This vehicle is also known as a cyclo. The Xich Lo is pedaled by the rider and has a cart to carry passengers and an upper canvas cover.
Modern Legacy
As the rickshaw spread to various countries in Southeast Asia, it was modified to suit local cultures and preferences. rickshaw became a symbol of urban life and an integral part of the urban landscape.
In the 21st century, the rickshaw has found new life as a nostalgic and environmentally friendly mode of transportation, especially in tourist areas. Tourists and locals alike enjoy a leisurely ride on a rickshaw, reviving the charm of yesteryear while supporting sustainable transportation options.
Despite their widespread popularity, pedicabs face challenges as urbanization and technological advancements change transportation trends. In some cities, concerns about traffic congestion, safety issues, and exploitation of rickshaw pullers have led to the regulation or even banning of rickshaws. However, in many parts of Southeast Asia, rickshaw have managed to survive and adapt to the changing times.
