In an era marked by diversity and difference, few national mottos embody harmony quite like Indonesia’s "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika." Literally translating to “Unity in Diversity,” this powerful phrase is more than a slogan.
It is the official national motto of Indonesia, deeply embedded in the nation’s identity, values, and governance.
Although it originates from a 14th-century Javanese poem, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika was adopted as the national motto after Indonesia’s independence in 1945. It appears on the national emblem, Garuda Pancasila, serving as a daily reminder of the country’s commitment to coexistence despite differences.
With over 17,000 islands, 700 living languages, and hundreds of ethnic groups and religions, Indonesia has proven that unity is not about similarity, but about mutual respect.
A Philosophy Rooted in History and Culture
The term “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” comes from the Old Javanese Kakawin Sutasoma, written by Mpu Tantular during the Majapahit Empire. The phrase originally intended to reconcile the spiritual philosophies of Hinduism and Buddhism, which were practiced side by side in the empire. This spirit of tolerance became the foundation for a broader message: unity does not mean uniformity.
When Indonesia declared independence in 1945, its founding fathers chose this historical wisdom to guide the new nation. The motto aligned perfectly with the Pancasila ideology, especially the principle of unity.
Rather than denying difference, the state embraced it, and in doing so, created a shared national identity that could include everyone, from Acehnese Muslims to Balinese Hindus to Papuan Christians.
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika in Everyday Life
This motto is not just ceremonial. It shapes the way Indonesians relate to one another. In schools, it is taught from an early age. In politics, it is referenced to promote inclusivity.
In daily interactions, it reminds citizens that being different doesn’t mean being divided. From Independence Day parades to village festivals, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika lives in public celebrations that blend local traditions with national pride.
Government policies, though not always perfect, also reflect this philosophy. The recognition of six official religions, regional autonomy, and the celebration of local languages and customs are part of a broader effort to institutionalize diversity.
Lessons for Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse regions in the world. Countries like Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Thailand face similar challenges in balancing national unity with cultural pluralism. Yet few have articulated and institutionalized a national philosophy like Indonesia’s Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.
The idea of unity in diversity could serve as a guiding principle beyond Indonesia. It promotes dialogue over division, mutual respect over dominance, and a sense of belonging for all citizens.
For nations grappling with ethnic conflict, religious polarization, or regional inequality, adopting a similar mindset could help build more cohesive and resilient societies.
Furthermore, in an ASEAN context, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika offers a valuable model for regional solidarity. If Southeast Asia is to realize its vision of a people-centered community, it must learn to navigate differences with empathy and cooperation. Indonesia’s national motto reminds us that peaceful coexistence is not just desirable. It is achievable.
A Southeast Asian Model of Tolerance
As Southeast Asia continues to modernize and globalize, the risk of cultural erosion and identity-based tensions remains. Yet, with philosophies like Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, there is a path forward.
One that honors the past while embracing the future. It proves that unity is not about sameness, but about finding strength in differences.
For Southeast Asia’s next generation, understanding Indonesia’s motto is not just about learning a foreign phrase. It is about recognizing a shared regional value that could help shape a more inclusive, peaceful, and united future.
